Intro to Creating Realistic Photo Textures in Games

Introduction to Creating Realistic Photo Textures in Games One of the significant difficulties of current and cutting edge game improvement is the making of the huge number of workmanship assets required to make a vivid game world. Character, condition, and other supporting models must be made, and levels must be dished out and populated with those models. Be that as it may, while you may have a practically playable game by then (with the expansion of a gigantic measure of other programming and asset work), you are deficient with regards to shading, profundity, and physical surface in your reality. Taking a game from a dark box model to a finished game, appropriate for open survey, requires a great deal of work for craftsmen to make surfaces and materials to give the game the sentiment of being on the planet youve made. Weve addressed this quickly in past instructional exercises: The fundamental ideas of UV mappingApplying and painting surfaces for a modelManually altering UV map coordinatesCylindrical maps and managing seamsIntermediate-level UV mapping methods In those activities, we utilized basic model maps that were hand-painted, yet not intended for creation work, nor authenticity. In this arrangement, were demonstrating how to make sensible photograph surfaces for your own games, and do as such on a sensible financial plan. The outcomes you can accomplish with a limited quantity of work may astound you. Lets begin. There are three essential approaches to make photorealistic surfaces for games. Photograph reference/Hand painting. These are the first two methods for making game surfaces. This is the basic procedure of making a bitmapped picture for use in a game, regardless of whether made totally without any preparation utilizing a paint application, or changing over a photograph into a game-prepared arrangement. (Both of these methods are not really straightforward in genuine practice, as youll see later in this article.) This can be extremely snappy, or tolerably tedious, contingent upon what kind of results you want, and how much work youre ready to put in.Procedurally-made. This strategy depends on calculations and pre-characterized inputs (either photograph or totally manufactured) to make tileable/consistent example materials. Tiled materials permit you to utilize a solitary, exceptionally definite surface to apply to a huge surface in the game world, and have it rehash along the whole item, without clear creases where one occasion closes and the following starts. Thi s is conceivably the most proficient approach to make great materials for your game, in any case, most procedurally-made materials are unmistakably PC created in spite of the fact that the calculations are improving constantly. Utilized astutely, in any case, they can be a gigantic efficient device for zones of your game which dont need to rise up to examination. High-poly to low-poly demonstrate and surface change. This is the most work concentrated of the three alternatives. This is oftentimes utilized for high-detail character models, or condition workmanship that will be seen at short proximity (for instance, dividers that the character shields behind in a first-individual shooter). To play out this strategy, a craftsman makes an incredibly high polygon model, far more noteworthy than the game motor is equipped for dealing with in realtime, and afterward utilizes programming procedures to prepare surfaces onto a lower-polygon variant of a similar model. This exchanges the surface detail from three-dimensional polygon information into a painted surface on the lower-poly model. This may incorporate typical, knock, removal, specular feature, encompassing impediment, and other guide types to additionally make the dream that the low-poly model has more detail than it does in all actuality. As you can envision, the work required to play out thi s procedure is incredibly time and cost-restrictive. The outcomes can be breathtaking, yet you have to painstakingly evaluate whether this is vital for your undertaking. Most AAA games that are right now available for reassures utilize a mix of every one of the three of these techniques. You have to figure out what is most appropriate for your venture. In the event that you are making an increasingly adapted game, hand-painted surfaces might be the best approach. In the event that youre making a military first-individual shooter, you are probably going to utilize a great deal of photograph based surfaces and high-poly models changed over down with ordinary maps for most extreme scene detail.

Weight management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Weight the board - Article Example One deficiency of the exploration is that, quite a bit of it is focused on the practices that lead to weight decline , yet less examination is discoveries has been accommodated weight reduction support. The work has focused on more extensive issues (e.g., calories devoured), yet information are inadequate on conduct plans identified with weight upkeep. One comprehensively recognized thought is that fruitful and feasible weight decline needs paying watchfulness to the two sides of the vitality balance condition: power admission through sustenance and drink and force consumption through physical endeavor . The impact of the mixed procedure of expending foods grown from the ground and taking part in ordinary physical action has not been broadly concentrated in developed people flourishing at weight decline support. A populace based methodology was utilized to look at conduct plans utilized by the individuals who were fruitful in weight reduction. Such parameters as racial and ethnic dissimilarities in people were investigated and portrayed the joined dietary and physical action conduct in the midst of U.S. grown-ups who were attempting greatness misfortune upkeep. It was decided to dissect whether the joined inclination of devouring higher measures of low-energyâ€density products of the soil and taking part in ordinary physical endeavor is subsidiary with fruitful weight misfortune upkeep. Likewise, practices of respondents eating outside their homes were additionally thought of and confidence in their capability to enroll in social techniques that help effective weight decline upkeep. In this examination, people flourishing at weight the board portrayed particular individually carries on. In the midst of ladies who portrayed devouring at least five yield and vegetable servings on the earlier day, 33% were flourishing at largeness misfortune support. Among ladies who portrayed devouring under five products of the soil servings, one-fourth were flourishing. In spite of the fact that,

The Professional Bio-Template That Makes Everyone Sound Accomplished

The Professional Bio-Template That Makes Everyone Sound Accomplished A bio-template is an important piece of information that reflects an individual’s professional career and their interests. Let’s say you read a great piece of article on the internet and want to know more about the author and his thoughts.   Where would you find this information? â€" In their bio template, of course.Most people find it ridiculously difficult to write a bio template for themselves and are usually found doodling away for hours with no answer in sight. The most important piece of advice you need to follow when writing a bio template is â€" to hook your reader with the first line with an engaging tone as readers tend to suffer from information fatigue.In this page, you will learn the points to keep in mind while constructing a bio template for your professional page. The information covers bio templates for all aspects â€" for a website, a social media platform, a business page, etc. KEY ELEMENTS TO INCLUDE WHILE CREATING YOUR BIO TEMPLATEHow to Write a Personal BioWhat is it that you are trying to sell or promote to your audience â€" Are you a blogger? Are you a business? Do you own a professional freelance website? â€" Figuring out what you do is your first step before you write your bio.In a piece of paper, write down the most relevant keywords that describe your purpose and the type of audience you’d like to attract.When you narrow down information to keywords, you begin to strongly understand the type of information you are trying to create with your bio template. Your credibility is incredibly critical, and your audience will need to understand you as a person. Always be humanizing in your endeavors and never boast your accomplishments. Readers love it when you offer yourself as a person they can reflect to.Let’s take an example here â€" you are a freelance photographer trying to sell your digital assets, your webpage should have an about us page that s trongly emphasizes you as a professional photographer. Some of the keywords a freelance photographer would recreate on a piece of paper would be â€" Wildlife, Fashion, Globetrotter, Instagram, Canon, National Geographic, Wedding, etc.With the following keywords, you now have a clear vision of the type of photographer you are by listing the most personal things about you. In the above example, you are a freelance photographer that has dabbled in works relating to wildlife, fashion, and wedding moments. You love traveling the world with your professional Canon equipment and you use Instagram to share your professional photos.Through keywords, you’ve finally found the necessary information to tell a story to your audience. The following points are some of the other content you need to include to capture your audience or to sell your business.Job profile and ExpertiseDon’t just list your job and proceed to talk about your favorite snack, provide as much detailed information as possi ble. List the years of experience and the companies you’ve worked for.Do include your previous employers as they make a stellar inclusion for your bio template. Your readers will feel thrilled and confident knowing they are reading about an experienced professional when you state these valuable facts.Next, ensure your talents and skills are mentioned in exceptional detail. After all, if you aren’t special why would people want to read about you, right? Say you’re a tattoo artist that excels at making great artistic designs, list the type of graphic art that you’ve created in short bullet points.If you have a knack for creating special oil-based designs, mention it. Every unique factor adds a compelling and distinct flavor to your profession.Finally, don’t forget to convert your facts to figures. “I’ve created many tattoos” isn’t as appealing as “I’ve designed over 50,000 tattoos for my clients”. Be specific where you can, a figure can provide an estimation of your worth and provide the reader with the information they are looking for.Awards and RecognitionIs there something you’ve achieved in your career that adds to your brand value? Mention it.Have you recently been recognized by an organization or you’ve won a contest? Mention it. Readers love it when the person they are reading about have something special and personal to share in their profile. Being a motivational speaker might be special but being a motivational speaker that has spoken at a recent “TEDx” campaign is far more engaging.Don’t just display your awards and trophies on your wall, mention them proudly on your bio template and share your success story to the world.If you’ve recently addressed a seminar, mention the average number of attendees and where the seminar was held. Readers who have access to your information can look to attend your next seminar at the next venue.In this way, by displaying information on your achievements and recognition, you begin to build a loyal following of readers that are interested in knowing about you. The bio template offers all the information in a conveniently designated location.Educational QualificationsWhile many individuals tend to ignore their educational qualifications when writing their bio template, you have a choice to consider â€" If your educational qualifications are relevant to your field of employment or business, then displaying them would strengthen your reputation.If you’ve achieved a high standard of education like a master’s degree or Ph.D. â€" include it into your bio template.A Ph.D. holder is held in high regard and honored in society over someone that holds a bachelor’s degree. By displaying this information, your readers immediately know you are qualified enough to know what you are talking about and proceed to take your words at face value.This is immensely helpful when trying to sell a product or service. Educational qualifications are the trend to wooing clients.There is no real reason to hide your educational qualifications, you’ve taken great effort to complete your studies. You can surely afford a sentence or two describing them.Hobbies and Personal ExperiencesIf you’d like to share a personal side of you, save it until the end of your bio. Let your audience know about you as a professional before they enter your personal life.Remember that the first time an audience reads about you, they are interested in knowing the kind of person you are and the services you offer. Your hobbies or interests play no role in their life and should be kept out of the topic for later use.Add your hobbies and interests towards the end where the audience can choose to read on further about your personal preferences.All the information stating the places you’ve been to or the medals you’ve won in your favorite sport need to be placed in this section as well. Your favorite food and music can be included here as well.While explaining your personal story, wit and humor can go a long way in engaging and bringing smiles to your audience. Don’t just narrate the story like a scriptwriter, instead describe the experiences and emotions you felt during that time. Let your audience know what you experienced and how far you’ve come in your personal journey.If you’re still looking for more information to brain storm your ideal profile format, Courtney Burback has compiled useful tips in this video to write the perfect biography. COMMON ERRORS COMMITTED WHILE WRITING A PROFESSIONAL BIO TEMPLATENot maintaining an up-to-date bio pagePersonalize your bio template with a recently taken snapshot of yourself. Anyone glancing at your profile is bound to wonder the kind of person you are, and a photo can immediately lay rest to these doubts.Always upload a recent photo of yourself every year to keep things fresh and updated. Changing your photos can also show your high level of activity and enthusiasm in updating your bio template.One of the biggest blunders that professional individuals tend to make is to not update their information over a period. Let’s say you’ve not updated your bio template in 2 years, your readers access information that is outdated and your most recent achievements aren’t displayed for building your brand image.Hence, maintain a schedule that updates your latest information and update it every 4-6 months.Not Demonstrating Services and Backing their ClaimsIn the olden days, a merchant would demonstrate his services by publicly advertising his wares and attracting a group of people in no time. When people begin to see his services or wares and have a full understanding, they throng to buy. In the modern times, selling your services on the street is a little archaic â€" the modern professional backs his tall claims by directing his audience to his portfolio or website.Include your website or portfolio as a backlink to your bio, this will redirect your audience to all your previous work and give them a good understanding of your experience in your field. Don’t promise things you can’t deliver on, instead provide links for your audience to judge your work by themselves and let them find out that you’re the real deal.Another authentic way to ensure you bio template reflects on your accomplishments especially if you’re a company is to add client testimonials. If you’ve worked with a client, politely request feedback or a video review of your work.In the initial phase, your audience would be wary after reading your profile and may not be fully convinced to trust you as a professional. Testimonials act to prove your trustworthiness and showcase your efforts through positive reviews.Losing ConsistencyThe formula for writing exceptional bio templates is to first understand what it’s you want on your template and shortening it as much as possible.Here’s an example â€"“Alex Myers is a marketing agent and he likes to read books and go hiking during his leisure time. Alex My ers is also a professional photographer who likes to take photos of birds and wildlife.” The following template is extremely long and is bound to cause your reader to lose focus on what Alex Myers really is. A great way to shorten the content would be â€"“Alex Myers is a marketing agent and a professional wildlife photographer who enjoys reading and hiking”. There, the content is now simple and shortened without having to repeat clutter words that add no information or value. The reader now completely understands what Alex Myers does for a living and his hobbies in a single sentence.Simplify your sentences, your audience can absorb information better when you maintain a consistent profile throughout.No Spellchecks or ProofreadingThe biggest downfall of many professional bio pages is due to the sheer number of grammatical mistakes and the careless attitude of not editing them. Aim to be a perfectionist, minimize your written mistakes. You can’t expect your audience to take yo u seriously when you can’t phrase a sentence properly.Use the right tense â€" if it’s an incident that has already occurred, utilize the past tense, if you are talking about your current situation, use words describing present tense and if you’re talking about a future goal, speak in the future tense. Many professionals tend to jumble up simple tenses and end up confusing their readers. This is an easy way to lose your audience.Write down your first draft and turn off any editing software that might interfere with your work. This step is crucial to put down all the planned information from your mind to paper. Once you’ve finished your first draft, begin with the editing process and refine your content.Proofread it over two or three times and consistently eliminate words that add no value whatsoever. The shorter you can condense your content, the crispier your profile bio will look to the reader.TIPS ON WRITING A PROFESSIONAL BIO TEMPLATEUtilize the “third person perspectiv e” while writing your bioWriting in a third person’s perspective, allows you to introduce your name to the audience rather than simply stating “I”. Also, in terms of search engine indexing, the more you use your full name, the easier your content is displayed on the internet for your followers to reach you.By speaking in the third person in your bio, you eliminate any copyright infringement as the owner of the profile is aptly described.The third person style ensures you are accessible and your content isn’t about bragging rights and is more to do with the kind of person you are. An added benefit of writing your profile in the third person is, if your audience decides to promote you or your content on social media â€" your new readers will immediately know it’s you by your full name through your introduction.An important rule is to start your profile with your Full Name, this immediately makes it clear who you are right from the get-go.Long or Short Bio: What is the Idea l Bio Template Length?While there are successful professionals with just a single line of information as their bio template, others choose to include every minor detail and fill up a page. The perfect length depends on the information you are willing to share and the type of bio profile you’re preparing.A blogger will want to write all the information about himself in under two paragraphs or less. The audience won’t have enough attention span to last more than 20 seconds scanning a blogger’s personal details. The best place to place your profile would be at the bottom of the article â€" the audience must first read your article before they decide if you’re good enough to learn about you.However, if you are a company, your audience needs specific information to judge whether you are trustworthy to do business with and hence, you might need to set up an “About Us” page and list all your achievements in full detail.Similarly, if you run a social media page, it’s important to provide as much information as you can to ensure your audience fully understand you as a business before they buy your services.Keep it simple, and be yourselfWhile it’s exciting to emulate people you adore and follow, it’s important to maintain your own identity. Never utilize someone else’s style and always aim to create your own personalized way of writing.After all, your audience can better relate to you when you can be yourself. Since your profile is about you, it’s important to maintain a style of communicating whether it’s humorous or strictly professional.To attain your own personalized style, it’s important to experiment writing your profile in many ways and then reading it out loud in your own voice. If you feel the profile is moving away from the person you are, you can always edit ruthlessly, and construct a bio that’s true to your real-life persona.Being yourself also allows you to freely convert your thoughts into your own words rather than utilizing another style that you don’t have any experience in.A SAMPLE PROFESSIONAL TEMPLATEHere is a simple template for beginners to quickly create a comprehensive bio profile. The template doesn’t have to be followed to the bone. You can add your own variation to it and experiment the way you want.“[Full Name] is a professional [Your profession] who works with  [Your Organization]. [First Name] has achieved success with well-established companies such as  [Your Clientelist], to name a few.After spending more than [Expertise]  in [Profession], [First Name]  understands what drives businesses [list notable skillsets/talents/certifications].[First Name] holds [Qualification Merits] in [University/College Name and Area of Study].Here’s how the sample template Looks once it has been filled with the necessary information.“Dan Brook is a professional digital marketer who creates and promotes digital content at Solaris Digital. Dan has achieved success with well-established companies suc h as Goldman Sachs, The Body Shop, Nintendo, BBC, Newsweek, and Microsoft, to name a few. After spending more than 12 years in Digital Marketing with various enterprises, Dan understands what drives businesses and how to spread brand awareness efficiently for optimum product promotion. He utilizes a brand marketing plan while working closely with clients and ensuring all work-in-progress is clarified. Dan utilizes SEO tools to rank high in search engine indexing and performs various ad-marketing campaigns to generate organic traffic back to your site. Dan holds a Master’s Degree in MBA from John Hopkins University in Baltimore. He has several digital marketing certifications including AMA Certified Professional Marketer, DMA certification, Google AdWords certification, and a Hootsuite certification.You should aim to improvise and provide your own unique story retelling your experiences. It’s important to introduce yourself in a positive way and to mention your talents in a conve rsation with the reader.Popular youtuber Evan Carmichael offers a piece of his mind on how to write an effective profile bio exclusively for companies to attract new talent in this video guide. THE BOTTOM LINEA professional bio should constantly be updated and with time, you get to figure out what works and what doesn’t. With every new project that you complete, your profile bio will evolve along with you.Don’t forget to add your most recent company and client that you’ve worked with. Your profile bio is meant to add a general framework of information about your business and your personal life. Don’t include meaningless information.Remember to always edit, refine, and improvise your profile frequently. A professional bio is not a blog so have a tighter leash on your grammatical errors and word usage.

International Relations A Important Form Of Relationship

International Relations is a very important form of relationship in world politics today. So far as the world is made up of individuals, states, countries and various cultures there will also be a form of interactions with one another thereby leading to International Relations. Over the years, International Relations has been governed by two major theories. These theories are known as Idealism and Realism. In addition, theories are very important in international relations this is because theories are made to have contributions and solutions to world issues. Also, Theories can be defined as the development of series of statements about rational behaviour based upon a dominant motive such as Power; such theory provides a description of the political behaviour of rational actors. (Akinboye Ottoh, 2005:53). Theories are also seen as a set of norms or values indicating how political actor ought to behave. The essence of theory for realism and idealism is to show their views on Internat ional Relations Issues. These two approaches have been seen as competing traditional approaches, furthermore, each of these approaches wants to be recognised as the major and sound approach to the study of International Relations (Dinesh). Each of these theories has its particular views on International Relations therefore believing they can explain and understand, International Relations. Idealism also known as Liberalism is a theory of International that majorly believe that the interactionsShow MoreRelatedInternational Relations : The Distribution Of Power, Development, And Dependency Within States1070 Words   |  5 PagesInternational relations are completely based off of anarchy and states making interactions between each other. Marxism helps explain a state’s ideals for why they make interactions and for what reasons. It is a theory that states how the world is being ran off of actors wanting total control over the distribution of goods and means of production in a f ree market defined by the want for profit. These ideals bring out what drives the interactions between states internationally; which in turn helpsRead MoreWhat Is Power in International Relations? Use Examples to Illustrate Your Argument1403 Words   |  6 Pagesis Power in International Relations? Use Examples to Illustrate your Argument Power can be seen as a very complicated concept within International Relations. Power in International Relations does not only refer to military might but also includes economic power, cultural power and also, soft and hard power. Brown defines power as not just one thing but three things all working at the same time. They are; the attributes that the actor has and can use, the relationships between actorsRead MoreIs the State Still the Most Important Actor in International Relations1097 Words   |  5 PagesIs the state still the most important actor in International Relations? State is commonly referred to either the present condition of a system or entity, or to a governed entity, such as a nation or a province. The state itself consists of the society, government as well as the people living there. Before the Second World War, State is often seen as the main actor in international Relations as it can declare states of wars, control most of the economic influence within the region and larger statesRead MoreWhat Is Power And What Forms Can It Shape? International Relations? Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pagesfight, cooperate and live with one another. Moreover, power in international society has never been disturbed equally. Therefore, what is power and what forms can it shape to affect international relations? The three political theories of realism, marxism and social constructivism define power in association with the taxonomy principles of concepts. Therefore, it is the purpose of this essay to examine the taxonomy principle that form the corresponding co ncepts of power with the appropriate politicalRead MoreAustralia And Japan s Relationship1591 Words   |  7 PagesAustralia and Japan’s relationship has strengthened greatly over the last few decades. Japan has emerged from an enemy at the end of world war two to one of Australia’s most important allies today. The relationship between the two focuses on a number of areas, in particular trade, as Japan’s economy is very prosperous to Australia. Maintaining such a relationship has not always been straightforward, often presenting difficulties where the countries stray in values and opinions. Diplomats from bothRead MoreEssay about power of politics1517 Words   |  7 Pagestrends in international relations, the issues at hand both now and in the past and major events that affect the field. Several groups and styles of thinking have developed throughout the centuries to make attempts at comprehending world politics and most successfully carrying out internation al relations. One of these styles of thinking is often called power politics and can be referred to as realpolitik or realism. This school of thought focuses on ways in which power affects the international arenaRead MoreThe Theories Of International Politics Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesSeveral theoretical approaches have been developed as an attempt to explain the workings of International Politics. These different perspectives which use different methods and assumptions can be helpful in studying and predicting the actions and interactions of the actors they concentrate on and include, realism, liberalism and feminism. No single approach however succeeds in taking into consideration all factors and outcomes in world politics and each of them has distinct benefits as well as certainRead MoreInternational Relations : The Field Of Public Policy871 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction International relations can be described as the particular study of the relationships that exist among various countries of the world (Tight 2005, 9). In this process, it focuses on the specific roles conducted by sovereign states, non-governmental organizations, multinational companies, internationally recognized non-governmental organisations as well as various inter-governmental organisations and groups. Alternatively, international relations can also be referred to as the fieldRead MoreThe Future Of Us China Relations Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagesand the one of the most important subject in the twenty-first century. The rise of China is a relative threat to the neighbor regions or other great powers. Further, some scholars also comment that China either will replace or has already superseded the United State as the world’s only superpower. China’s growth is too rapid and massive that other nations have limited or no opportunity to compete with it. By using international relations theories to analyze US-China relations, there are three mainRead MoreEssay on Public Relations1312 Words   |  6 PagesLincoln - Fundamentally, public relation is relations with publics. (Public Relations Writing, 2000, p.10) The publics can be any group of people that shares a common interest. Through communication in different ways organizations want to establish, develop and maintain a positive relationship with different groups. This is just a basic definition of public relation but in fact it is much more challenging to really define and practice public relations. Due to the worlds rapid change

Lyme Disease A Dangerous Disease - 1672 Words

Lyme disease is a very dangerous disease that is rapidly increasing in occurrence and if left untreated can cause both mental and physical effects on a person. However, with proper and early treatment the symptoms generally go away and the infected person generally lives a happy and healthy life. Lyme Disease is important to study and be aware of because it is increasingly occurring and spreading to other parts of the world where before it never existed. Thus, there needs to either be a way to stop the spread or develop more preventative treatment in order to keep the amount of people infected with it down. As an Emergency Medical Technician and a future nurse, it is helpful to know more about Lyme disease. Also, I have had many dogs that have had Lyme disease and also a friend, so I was sort of familiar with the disease. Therefore, I chose to research this disease. Lyme disease, another name for Lyme borreliosis, is the most common vector- borne disease in the northern hemisphere and still continues to increase in occurrence (Pearson). In almost all instances, the bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted to humans through a tick bite (Pearson). Ticks are blood-sucking anthropods that are small and they survive in urban parks and gardens where there is enough humidity and shade to prevent them from drying out (Pearson). Ticks are most active in the months between April and October, but in warmer areas they may be active throughout the entire year (Pearson). LymeShow MoreRelatedThe Treatment And Prevention Of Lyme Disease1335 Words   |  6 PagesThe Treatment and Prevention of Lyme Disease This document will provide in-depth research on the treatment and prevention of Lyme disease. 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However, according to the Infectious Disease Society of America s, (IDSA),1 guidelines, â€Å"no convincing biologic evidence† exists that chronic Lyme infections can remain in patients bodies after standard treatment (Wormser, et al., â€Å"The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme DiseaseRead MoreStray Animals And Cats And Dogs987 Words   |  4 Pagesthe number of stray animals and keeping them healthy(CDC). One of the reasons there are stray animals in Baton Rouge is they are allowed to roam the streets. When they are allowed to roam they pick up Zoonotics disease. According to the Center For Disease Control Zoonotics diseases can be transmitted to people from animals. Others like rabies and leptosptrosis are also commonly spread by animals that are not cared for properly(CDC). For example, the larvae of a roundworm will dig into the skinRead MorePet Pets And Pet Owner1520 Words   |  7 Pagestroublesome, and expensive as caring for a child. 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Managing air pollution causes, and defending successful safeguards like the Clean Air Act, is critical to the human, economic, and environmental health of our communities. America’s power plants are our biggest industrial polluters. Each year they pump more than two billion tons of carbon dioxide into the air. Carbon pollution is causing climate change that drives dangerous heat waves and worsening smog pollutionRead MoreThe Effects of Industrial Pollution887 Words   |  4 Pagesincludes on humans is an increase of many diseases, which include, Lyme disease, plague, and cholera. (causes and effects of industrial pollution) Industrial Pollution it has an effect on the wildlife gives many animals that live in the arctic fewer hunting opportunities and there will be an increase of shortage in food. As population size is decreasing, sea platforms are moving further apart and the swimming conditions are becoming more dangerous. (Polar Bears have the highest level of toxics

History of Auditing Free Essays

string(46) " note the progression of accountancy as well\." | | |The History of Auditing | |A detailed overview | | | | | | | | Auditing has a rich history within the United States. There have always been various rudimentary forms of auditing when the first businesses were started; however the focus of this paper will be on auditing standards within the twentieth century. To look beyond that departs from what would typically be termed as â€Å"modern accountancy† and its relevant roots. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Auditing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Author Bruce Marshall helps describes why this historic perspective is so important of our field: â€Å"Accountancy is a recognized profession like those of law and medicine. †¦ In fact it might not be too much to say that it is regarded as the most important of all the professions. Indeed it is the cornerstone upon which the whole industry of our Empire is built. †[1] Establishing a Need for Auditing In one of the earliest forms of organized auditing, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants issued a series of pamphlets to the accounting profession in 1917. The pamphlets were designed to guide financial statement analysis and auditing in general, offering more transparency to the emerging corporations that were springing up around the country. Strong motivation for this release came from the Federal Trade Commission and the Federal Reserve Board, stemming from a panic in the previous decade that had sent chills through the investment community. Both entities wanted to offer a stabilizing force to help guide the United States’ corporate growth. An early accounting journal discusses the pamphlets: â€Å"The memorandum is of such importance that it has been reprinted in full in this issue of The Journal of Accountancy and we are confident it will appeal to all readers. To the members of the institute it will serve as a guide in all their audits for credit purposes, and they will understand that the burden of proof will be upon them if they omit any of the procedure laid down in the memorandum. [2] The pamphlets were an adequate start, yet lacked the authority to be the final solution for stability. Federal Trade Commission Chairman W. E. Humphrey delivered a well timed statement on the progress the FTC had made, but also addressed some of the limitations: â€Å"I am constrained to believe that the business of this country, and particularly big business, is more and more forced to the conclusion that honesty is not only the best policy, but that it pays the highest dividends. I feel that there has been a tremendous improvement in the conduct of the business of the country over the last few years, but the time has not come, and I regret to say that it seems far off, when the strong arm of the government will not be needed to protect the public from greed, monopoly, fraud, and unfair practices. †[3] Humphrey however, could not foresee how right he actually was. After an especially lucrative decade for investors in the roaring twenties, one of the most devastating financial crises struck the United States in 1929 as the NY stock exchange came tumbling down. Corruption and greed were rampant among most major companies, whom often distorted how risky their operations actually were. Margin borrowing by investors allowed huge amounts of debt to be taken on without proper risk mitigation. Investors, knowing no better, had dumped small fortunes into the market. The fragile infrastructure of the system couldn’t handle the load and eventually caved in. Those companies that would survive the crash needed standardization and change in order for the investors’ faith to be restored. The Federal Trade Commission stepped in to fill this need. The first official document: â€Å"Verification of Financial Statements,† which was solely dedicated to provide guidance for audit, was released the same year as the crash. This document dove further than the previous decades’ pamphlets did, focusing in on small and medium sized companies, as well as the general need for the customized auditing tailored to each different companies, based on need. In response to the extreme amounts of personal wealth destroyed during the tock market crash in 1929 and the ensuing depression, Congress was forced to take even more action. The suggested guidelines outlined by the FTC were just not enough to ensure a stable economy. The regulation of business and the accounting firms is commonly recognized to have been born just after the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established in the mid 1930s. Despite public investment being in an advanced stage at the time, corpora te regulation was practically unheard of. The SEC was a product of both the Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Act. William Raymond offers insight on the initial operations of the SEC and how the investor took advantage: â€Å"There are probably thousands of investors throughout the country who are at a loss to understand what value is all the data gathered by the Securities and Exchange Commission, which is headquartered in Washington and no convenient way for the investor to visit and secure the valuable data themselves. To these investors, the commission offers a very adequate mailing service, through which various actions by the commission, decisions and other matters may be obtained simply by requesting the placing of their names on the mailing list. [4] Even from the beginning, serious debates raged in Washington about whether it was constitutional for the government to be involved in public corporations, much less private ones. Without regulation, there was fear another collapse was unavoidable. Establishing standards for preparing and auditing financial statements was decided to be the ba re minimum that was essential to steer clear of any future turmoil. The authority to set the rules and oversight for what would become â€Å"auditors† was given to the SEC. Auditors themselves were allowed to set their own standards, but final say was still in the hands of the SEC. It is important to distinguish between accounting standards and auditing standards. Although related, auditing is but a piece of accounting. Nevertheless, to truly understand the history of auditing, one must note the progression of accountancy as well. You read "History of Auditing" in category "Essay examples" Regulating Auditing Procedures In recognition of the expertise and resources of the accounting profession, the SEC has traditionally looked to the standard setting bodies from the private sector to provide a foundation for improving accounting principles and reporting standards. The private sector offered a baseline set of guidelines, which the SEC built off of. From 1938 and 1959, the Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP) issued 51 Accounting Research Bulletins. The ARBs formed the basis of what is probably the single biggest resource to accountants today. GAAP, or the generally accepted accounting principles, is the foundation of all modern accounting. By 1959, CAP had been replaced by another entity, the Accounting Principles Board (APB). The APB was responsible for 31 new general accounting standards from 1959-1973. This transition would mark the beginning of a plethora of different organizations over the years which would guide the practice. To improve the quality of audits in the 1960’s, the bigger companies added a new technique. Peer review, as it was called, required firms to confirm the accuracy of one another. It was so effective; the AICPA eventually added it as a requirement in 1977 for any member of the CPA division (within the AICPA). Firms were not required to join this division, but those who did agreed to a peer review as part of the guidelines. Eventually the peer review was deemed mandatory for all firms, membership or not, as part of the complete overhaul to the self control systems in 1989. The restructuring enacted change in the AICPA’s bylaws that required all members who practice must belong to a special group within the parent organization called the SEC Practice Section. The Practice Section had numerous guidelines for membership. The most notable included provisions that each member must engage in a peer review with another firm of comparable size. The point of the provision was to offer further reassurance to investors that operating accountants had adequate control mechanisms, regarding the integrity of GAAP and GAAS. While peer review is not a complete test, the idea is that a sampling of a firm’s work represents an adequate representation of the entire operation. Auditing every piece of work in a firm would be a completely unreasonable request, thus sampling method would have to suffice. Any findings from the peer reviews were available for viewing by the general public. Each firm is issued a report that contains the audit results and sometimes even comments on how the firm might improve its reporting procedures. Occasionally, a reader might even find the resulting changes made and any comments the audited firm has made regarding the issue. This open communication was a significant step forward towards complete transparency. William Kinney comments on what is important to the users: â€Å"Internal controls are also important to investors, the government, and ociety as a whole since they may affect long-term confidence in corporate accountability, and in the corporate form of organization. †[5] Despite this transparency, the increasingly complex business environment was proving to be too much to handle for one part time regulating committee, even with peer reviews. In order to solve this issue, an independent organization was necessary to help cater to the interests of investors, accountants and creditors. A full time committee eventually ended up relieving the AICPA of its duties. FASB, or Financial Accounting Standards Board, was officially created in 1972. FASB’s primary responsibility surrounds setting ground rules in all non governmental entities. These ground rules covered anything from revenue recognition  and all other broad topics, to specific topics such as dividends. Marshall Armstrong writes in detail about its purpose: â€Å"The objective of the qualitative standards is to provide guidance in determining the substance of a transaction or event, regardless of its form, and a moral and ethical basis for its fair presentation in financial reports. [6] These standards are officially recognized by the SEC as the authoritative standard. Even with the establishment of FASB, the AICPA still existed to a limited extent. Through the means of the Accounting Standards Executive Committee, the AICPA works to collaborate with FASB on common objectives. Membership practices in FASB are intended to keep a level of independence but still effectively opera te with the private sector in mind. It operates under the auspices of the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF), which consists of sixteen trustees, twelve of whom are elected by representatives of FAF’s sponsoring organizations — the AICPA, the American Accounting Association; the Financial Executive Institute; the Securities Industry Association; the National Association of State Auditors, Controllers and Treasurers; the Institute of Management Accountants; and the Government Finance Officers Association. The other four at-large members are appointed by the FAF itself. The FAF, in turn, appoints the members of the FASB and its advisory council. It is also responsible for funding the FASB. †[7] The first specific auditing standards were issued way back in 1939. The American Institute of Accountants authorized the appointment of a standing committee to advise on auditing procedure. By 1941, the AIA had released a several statements with the purpose to guide the individual auditor. Most notably was the â€Å"Statements on Auditing Procedure†, which offered a baseline for how auditors should responsibly approach individual audits, while using proper judgment. These â€Å"SAP† s would be the first of 54 future statements issued up until 1970. The SEC required all auditors to swear upon their work, that it followed these generally accepted auditing standards. To help with compliance of this requirement, the SEC released the â€Å"Generally Accepted Auditing Standards—Their Significance and Scope. † Within ten years, the committee combined twenty-four of the pronouncements into one single body which would be referenced often during the process of internal control. Other notable consolidation efforts included the 1962 release of the â€Å"Statement of Auditing Procedure No. 33† which combined many of the standards trickled out between 1949 and 1963. This baseline document was turned into a single presentation, being coded in the process by 1972. The 1972 revision was held under the title: â€Å"Statement on Auditing Standards† or SAS. With the combination and official first uniform document, the committee officially changed its name to the Auditing Standard Executive Committee (AudSEC). In the next six years, AudSEC released 23 total SASes as a guideline for auditors. The AICPA continued to conduct numerous studies through committees on how to operate most effectively as a tool to the accounting profession. By 1978, the Auditing Standards Board (ASB) was the newest incarnation of an organized body charged with setting standards for the profession. An AudSEC’s successor, the ASB operated as 15 members with the responsibility to make relevant public statements, without having to obtain clearance first from the AICPA. Furthermore the ASB would set ground rules for how an auditor performs his assessment in regards to whether financial statement presentation conforms to the generally accepted accounting principles. Before setting new standards, the ASB will carefully gather all relevant opinions, including those of the Chief Accountant of the SEC as well as various other well known and respected individuals in the profession. The ASB replaced all previous senior technical committees in regards to the GAAS. The Public Oversight Board (POB) was created in 1977, which further helped to push transparency in the industry. The POB is a watch group entity responsible for oversight of the processes of the SECPS. The POB is an independent organization, which despite being funded by the SECPS, controls its own membership. If a firm has more than thirty SEC audit clients, then the POB will engage in reviews of the firm. The reviews can also take place in firms with less than thirty SEC audit clients, but the frequency of them is far fewer. Furthermore, the SEC will periodically inspect a sample of the peer reviews and even compile an annual public report that details its operations for the year. Auditing in Modern Times Over seventy years after the stock market crash of 1929, again the Unites States would be struck by the uncertainty of the public corporation. The collapse of Enron revealed fraudulent accounting practices by the energy company itself and its accounting firm Arthur Anderson. By creating special purpose entities, Enron and Arthur Andersen effectively hid massive amounts of Enron debt, making the company appear much more profitable than it actually was. The house of cards built by Enron eventually collapsed leaving the SEC to sift through the rubble to discover what had actually happened. Also complicit were Arthur Andersen and lead Partner David Duncan. Duncan earned $700,000 annually to manage this account, plus part of Andersen’s partnership profit pool. To appease Enron, he apparently did not require many large audit adjustments for several years, and often signed off on financial statements that were, by any reasonable standards, unclear and misleading. This shoddy work and attempts to eliminate key evidence led to Andersen’s felony conviction and demise – apparently ignoring its founder’s key slogan of thinking straight and talking straight. [8] In response to the Enron collapse as well as the other companies which went down in its wake, the SEC was forced to up the ante, so to speak, with public transparency and accountability. In 2002, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was put into place, which drastically altered the structure of GAAP. Through the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) were given the final say over all auditing standards. Registration was required with the PCAOB for CPAs and CPA firms who worked with public companies. Once registered, members must adhere to all standards, principles, rules, and interpretations set forth by the PCAOB. Further restructuring surfaced in 2004 as the PCAOB was set as the authority on public companies (as it pertains to GAAS), while the ASP oversaw private companies. Chuck Landes, a VP with the AICPA, speaks to the changes in an interview with the Ohio Society of CPAs: â€Å"Auditing standards have changed and now call for more attention to the audit itself. Auditing is a serious business and it needs to be taken seriously. You can’t be a part-time auditor. I see firms making intelligent decisions about being in the audit business and committing the necessary resources around the audit function. In our new risk assessment standards, having an understanding of the industry is essential. †[9] The unfortunate trend with auditing standards is that a tragic event usually occurs for the foundation to adjust. It is a great system to catch and fix problems, but as the time passes, the scale of the instigating event becomes larger and larger. As long as there are men and women with greed, there will be a need for auditing. Armstrong, Marshall. 1973. FASB will develop broad qualitative standards. The CPA Journal (pre-1986)  43,  no. 000010,  (October  1):  844 Bateman Co. A History of Accounting Auditing Standards. February 2002. http://www. batemanhouston. com/newsStds. htm Humphrey W E. 1928. A Friend of Honest Business. Nation’s Business (pre-1986),  June  5,  31. Kinney, William R. , Jr. ,  Maher, Michael W. ,  and  Wright, David W. 1990. Assertions-Based Standards for Integrated Internal Control. Accounting Horizons  4,  no. 4,  (December  1) Lasch, Erin. 2002. Chuck Landes is Rewriting Audit History. Catalyst 48-50 Marshall, Bruce. 1958. The Bank Audit. Edinburgh: Houghton Mifflin. Alan Reinstein,  Stephen R. Moehrle,  and  Jennifer Reynolds-Moehrle. â€Å"Crime and punishment in the marketplace  :Accountants and business executives repeating history. †Ã‚  Managerial Auditing Journal  21,  no. 4  (May  1,  2006):  420-435. Raymond, William T. (1935,  July  29). SEC Keeps Investors Informed. Barron’s (1921-1942), pg. 8 Richardson, AP. â€Å"The Federal Reserve Board and audits. †Ã‚  Journal of Accountancy (pre-1986) 23,  no. 000006  (June  1,  1917):  452. ———————– 1] Marshall, Bruce. 1958. The Bank Audit. Edinburgh: Houghton Mifflin. [2] Richardson, AP. â€Å"The Federal Reserve Board and audits. †Ã‚  Journal of Accountancy (pre-1986) 23,  no. 000006  (June  1,  1917):  452. [3] Humphrey W E. 1928. A Friend of Honest Business. Nation’s Business (p re-1986),  June  5,  31. [4] Raymond, William T. (1935,  July  29). SEC Keeps Investors Informed. Barron’s (1921-1942), pg. 8 [5] Kinney, William R. , Jr. ,  Maher, Michael W. ,  and  Wright, David W. 1990. Assertions-Based Standards for Integrated Internal Control. Accounting Horizons  4,  no. ,  (December  1) [6] Armstrong, Marshall. 1973. FASB will develop broad qualitative standards. The CPA Journal (pre-1986)  43,  no. 000010,  (October  1):  844 [7] Bateman Co. A History of Accounting Auditing Standards. February 2002. http://www. batemanhouston. com/newsStds. htm [8] Alan Reinstein,  Stephen R. Moehrle,  and  Jennifer Reynolds-Moehrle. â€Å"Crime and punishment in the marketplace  :Accountants and business executives repeating history. †Ã‚  Managerial Auditing Journal  21,  no. 4  (May  1,  2006):  420-435. [9] Lasch, Erin. 2002. Chuck Landes is Rewriting Audit History. Catalyst 48-50 How to cite History of Auditing, Essay examples

NIOSH Essay Example For Students

NIOSH Essay The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and theOccupational Safety an Health Administration (OSHA) were established by theOccupational Safety and Health Act passed by congress in 1970. NIOSH is a partof the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and is the only federally funded andcontrolled division responsible for conducting research and makingrecommendations for the prevention of work related illnesses and injuries. It isimportant to understand the OSHA and NIOSH are two separate agencies. OSHA ishoused under the Department of Labor and is responsible for the development andenforcement of workplace health and safety regulations. NIOSH on the other handis in the Department of Health and Human Services and is a research agency. NIOSH was created when the US Secretary of Labor was directed by congressthrough section 2B (5,6) of the OSH Act to provide for research in the fieldof occupational safety and health, including the psychological involved, and bydeveloping innovative methods, techniques, and approaches for dealing withoccupational safety and health problems: by exploring ways to discover latentdiseases, establishing causal connections between diseases and work andenvironmental conditions, and conducting other research relating to healthproblems, in recognition of the fact that occupational health standards presentproblems often different from those involved in occupational safety. Duringits 25 year history NIOSH has had its function revised two times, once in 1977by amendment to the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act and in 1995 when the U.S. Bureau of Mine Health and Safety Research was consolidated and placed in NIOSH. These changes allowed NIOSH to play the same role in the mining industry thatthey played in all others. The duties and responsibilities of NIOSH are numerousbut include: ? Investigating potentially hazardous working conditions asreported by employees or employers. ? Evaluate the hazards of new technologiesand work practices. ? Researching, Creating and Evaluating methods forpreventing disease, illness or injury in the workplace. ? Providing educationand training to individuals preparing for or actively involved in the field ofoccupational safety and health. ? Recommend occupational safety and healthstandards to OSHA. Many of the efforts of NIOSH are targeted at anticipatingworkplace crisis and making sure that they do not come to pass. An example ofone of these efforts is the many mine disaster that have been prevented as aresult of the pillar system developed by NIOSH for longwall mining. Anotherexample is the many health emergencies that have been avoided as a result of theNIOSH in formation hotline. As a federal agency NIOSH has given itself both avision and a mission statement. Its vision is Delivering on the Nationspromise: safety and health at work for all people through research andprevention. The mission of NIOSH is to provide national and worldleadership to prevent work-related illness, injury and death by gatheringinformation, conducting scientific studies and translating the knowledge gainedinto products and services. NIOSH has given itself four strategic goals forthe next decade. The first goal is to conduct a targeted program of researchto reduce morbidity, injuries and mortality among workers in high priority areasand high-risk sectors. In order to accomplish goal number one NIOSH willfollow NORA or the National Occupational Research Agenda. NORA breaks NIOSHresearch down into 3 distinct areas, disease and injury, workenvironment/workforce and research tools and approaches. Each of the three areashas specific areas of research that will be targeted . The following is a brieflist of the targeted research areas: Disease and Injury Allergic and IrritantDermatitis Hearing Loss Low Back Disorders Cumulative Trauma Disorders WorkEnvironment Emerging Technologies And Workforce Indoor Environment SpecialPopulations at Risk Research Tools and Cancer Research Methods ApproachesControl Technology and PPE Exposure Assessment Methods Risk Assessment MethodsIt is understood that while there are many other areas of research that maystill have importance, under NORA these will be some of the areas receiving themajority of research attention at this time. The second goal is to develop asystem of surveillance of major occupational illnesses, injuries, exposures andhealth hazards. Congress decided in 1986 that the ability to identify,quantify and report work-related injury and disease is vital to prevention. Tomake optimal use of public resources to conduct this surveillance NIOSH hascreated partnerships at Federal, State and Local levels throug hout the country. .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9 , .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9 .postImageUrl , .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9 , .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9:hover , .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9:visited , .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9:active { border:0!important; } .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9:active , .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9 .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufbe23b43c33168821a798d94370e87d9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Ordinary Outlook EssayAn example of this type of surveillance is the FACE program or FatalityAssessment and Control Evaluation. In this program partnerships formed withstate Health Departments allow NIOSH to investigate worksites where fatalitieshave occurred. NIOSH conducted 139 such investigations in 1998. Following theinvestigations NIOSH gives prevention recommendations to the employers andworkers. Other partnerships have been formed with the Consumer Product SafetyCommission to study non-fatal occupational injuries and with the EPA to studypesticide related poisonings. The third goal is to increase occupationaldisease and injury prevention activities through workpl ace evaluations,interventions and recommendations. NIOSH has 5 separate programs aimed atachieving goal number three. The first being Health Hazard Evaluations. Theseare conducted at the worksite, based on the request of workers, employers orgovernment agencies. Specific recommendations will be made following an HHE toprevent hazards at the worksite evaluated. The second program is InterventionEffectiveness Research. These are conducted to evaluate how effective currentprevention methods are at reducing injuries, when there are known hazards. Thethird is Control Technology Assistance. In this program NIOSH work with industryto create practical solutions to hazards that will have a broad impact onworksites. The fourth is Recommendations. NIOSH disseminates its researchinformation to the public to have a greater impact on hazards that may affectpeople at home as well as work. The fifth and final is Respirator Certification. This program conducts site audits, investigates respirator problems in thefield, studies proposed modifications, and conducts research to improverespirator use and performance. The fourth and final goal is to provide workers,employers, the public and the occupational safety and health community withinformation, training and capacity to prevent occupational diseases andinjuries. NIOSH is also responsible for many different types of publications,such as Criteria Documents, Current Intelligence , Bulletins, NIOSH Alerts,Updates, Hazard Controls, Hazard Identifications, Reports of Investigations andInformal Circulars. Criteria Documents provide the basis for occupational safetyand health standards. Each document generally contains a review of scientificand technical information on a particular hazard, existence of safety and healthrisks regarding the hazard and a review of the control methods. These documentswill make recommendations for minimizing safety and health risks. Theserecommend ations may include medical monitoring, exposure assessment, workertraining, control technology, personal protective equipment and record keeping. An example is a 1998 document relating to the criteria for occupational noiseexposure. In the document NIOSH reaffirms the recommended exposure level foroccupational noise. The level has been at 85 Db since 1972. For occupations thatexceed the REL the document recommends a hearing loss prevention program thatincludes all of the following, exposure assessment, engineering andadministrative controls, proper use of hearing protection, audiometricevaluation and education. Current Intelligence Bulletins review, evaluate anddisseminate new information about occupational hazards . An example of such adocument is a 1997 bulletin on the commercial fishing industry fatalities inAlaska. The document uses great detail to describe the difference betweencommercial fishing in Alaska and other areas. Much of the harvesting is doneusing different machinery and weather conditions than the rest of the industry. NIOSH recommends that there be continued training with regards to the CommercialFishing Industry Vessel Safety Act, aimed at reducting injuries and fatalitieseven further. NIOSH Alerts briefly present new information about occupationalillnesses, injuries and deaths. They generally ask for immediate action on thepart of the employer, employee and safety and health professionals to reduce therisks and implement controls with regards to the hazard addressed by the alert. An example is an Alert from December of 1999 entitled Preventing Injuries andDeaths of Workers Who Operate or Work Near Forklifts. In the report, NIOSHstates that over 1021 deaths have occurred as a result of forklifts in the past10 years. Of that, 22% occurred as a result of a forklift overturning. NIOSHgive the current OSHA regulations, and manufacturer recommendations for safeoperation. It then give specific case data to drvie the point home to thereader. After they have the readers attention NIOSH give its recommendations toincrease safety, which include ? Use seat belts if they are available ? Reportany damage problems noticed or occurring during your shift. ? Do not jump froman overturning forklift. ? Use extreme caution on grades and ramps. Additionalrecommendations are available but are too numerous to mention for the purpose ofthis example. Updates are brief publications that provide information on NIOSHfindings and recommend preventative.